Adopted on: ۱۵ Feb ۱۹۲۲
Amended in: ۱۹۳۳٫ ۱۹۹۴٫ ۱۹۹۶٫ ۱۹۹۷٫ ۱۹۹۸٫ ۲۰۰۲٫ ۲۰۰۳
Official name: Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
Chapter I General Provisions
Article ۱ [Democratic Republic]
Latvia is an independent democratic republic.
Article ۲ [Popular Sovereignty]
The sovereign power of the State of Latvia is vested in the people of Latvia.
Article ۳ [Territory]
The territory of the State of Latvia٫ within the borders established by
international agreements٫ consists of Vidzeme٫ Latgale٫ Kurzeme and Zemgale.
Article ۴ [Language٫ Flag]
The Latvian language is the official language in the Republic of Latvia. The
national flag of Latvia shall be red with a band of white.
Chapter II The Parliament [Saeima]
Article ۵ [Size]
The Parliament shall be composed of one hundred representatives of the people.
Article ۶ [Election]
The Parliament shall be elected in general٫ equal٫ direct and secret elections٫
based on proportional representation.
Article ۷ [Electoral Districts]
In the division of Latvia into separate electoral districts٫ provision for the
number of representatives to the Parliament to be elected from each district
shall be proportional to the number of electors in each district.
Article ۸ [Right to Vote]
All citizens of Latvia who enjoy full rights of citizenship and٫ who on
election day have attained eighteen years of age shall be entitled to vote.
Article ۹ [Eligibility]
Article ۱۰ [Term]
The Parliament shall be elected for a term of four years.
Article ۱۱ [Regular Elections]
Elections for the Parliament shall be held on the first Saturday in October.
Article ۱۲ [First Sitting]
Article ۱۳ [Dissolution]
Article ۱۴ [Representative Mandate]
The electors may not recall any individual member of the Parliament.
Article ۱۵ [Place of Assembly]
The Parliament shall hold its sittings in Riga٫ and only in extraordinary
circumstances may it convene elsewhere.
Article ۱۶ [Board]
The Parliament shall elect a Presidium which shall be composed of a
Chairperson٫ two Deputies and Secretaries. The Presidium shall function
continuously during the mandate of the Parliament.
Article ۱۷ [Opening of First Sitting]
The first sitting of the newly-elected Parliament shall be opened by the
Chairperson of the preceding Parliament or by another member of the Presidium
at the direction of the Presidium.
Article ۱۸ [Examining Mandates]
(۱) The Parliament itself shall review the qualifications of its members.
(۲) A person elected to the Parliament shall acquire the mandate of a Member of
the Parliament if such person gives the following solemn promise:
"I٫ upon assuming the duties of a Member of the Parliament٫ before the people
of Latvia٫ do swear (solemnly promise) to be loyal to Latvia٫ to strengthen its
sovereignty and the Latvian language as the only official language٫ to defend
Latvia as an independent and democratic State٫ and to fulfil my duties honestly
and conscientiously. I undertake to observe the Constitution and laws of
Latvia."
Article ۱۹ [Sessions٫ Sittings]
The Presidium shall convene sessions of the Parliament and schedule regular and
extraordinary sittings.
Article ۲۰ [Convokation]
The Presidium shall convene sittings of the Parliament if requested by the
President٫ the Prime Minister٫ or not less than one third of the members of the
Parliament.
Article ۲۱ [Standing Orders; Working Language]
The Parliament shall establish rules of order to provide for its internal
operations and order. The working language of the Parliament is the Latvian
language.
Article ۲۲ [Publicity]
Sittings of the Parliament shall be public. The Parliament may decide by a
majority vote of not less than two-thirds of the members present to sit in
closed session٫ if so requested by ten members of the Parliament٫ or by the
President٫ the Prime Minister٫ or a Minister.
Article ۲۳ [Quorum]
Sittings of the Parliament may take place if at least half of the members of
the Parliament participate therein.
Article ۲۴ [Majority]
The Parliament shall make decisions by an absolute majority of votes of the
members present at the sitting٫ except in cases specifically set out in the
Constitution.
Article ۲۵ [Committees]
The Parliament shall establish committees and determine the number of members
and their duties. Committees have the right to require of individual Ministers
or local government authorities information and explanations necessary for the
work of the committees٫ and the right to invite to their sittings responsible
representatives from the relevant ministries or local government authorities to
furnish explanations. Committees may also carry on their work between sessions
of the Parliament.
Article ۲۶ [Enquiry Committees]
The Parliament shall appoint parliamentary investigatory committees for
specified matters if not less than one-third of its members request it.
Article ۲۷ [Interpellation]
The Parliament shall have the right to submit to the Prime Minister or to an
individual Minister requests and questions which either they٫ or a responsible
government official duly authorised by them٫ must answer. The Prime Minister or
any Minister shall furnish the relevant documents and enactments requested by
the Parliament or by any of its committees.
Article ۲۸ [Indemnity]
Members of the Parliament may not be called to account by any judicial٫
administrative or disciplinary process in connection with their voting or their
views as expressed during the execccution of their duties. Court proceedings
may be brought against members of the Parliament if they٫ albeit in the course
of performing parliamentary duties٫ disseminate:
۱) defamatory statements which they know to be false٫ or
۲) defamatory statements about private or family life.
Article ۲۹ [Immunity Against Arrest and Search]
Members of the Parliament shall not be arrested٫ nor shall their premises be
searched٫ nor shall their personal liberty be restricted in any way without the
consent of the Parliament. Members of the Parliament may be arrested if
apprehended in the act of committing a crime. The Presidium shall be notified
within twenty-four hours of the arrest of any member of the Parliament; the
Presidium shall raise the matter at the next sitting of the Parliament for
decision as to whether the member shall continue to be held in detention or be
released. When the Parliament is not in session٫ pending the opening of a
session٫ the Presidium shall decide whether the member of the Parliament shall
remain in detention.
Article ۳۰ [Immunity]
Without the consent of the Parliament٫ criminal prosecution may not be
commenced and administrative fines may not be levied against its members.
Article ۳۱ [Right to Withhold Evidence]
Members of the Parliament have the right to refuse to give evidence:
۱) concerning persons who have entrusted to them٫ as representatives of the
people٫ certain facts or information;
۲) concerning persons to whom they٫ as representatives of the people٫ have
entrusted certain facts or information; or
۳) concerning such facts or information itself.
Article ۳۲ [Restrictions]
Members of the Parliament may not٫ either personally or in the name of another
person٫ receive government contracts or concessions. The provisions of this
Article shall apply to Ministers even if they are not members of the
Parliament.
Article ۳۳ [Remuneration]
The remuneration of members of the Parliament shall be from state funds.
Article ۳۴ [Publicity of Reports]
No person may be called to account for reporting the sittings of the Parliament
or its committees if such reports correspond to fact. Information about closed
sessions of either the Parliament or its committees may only be disclosed with
the permission of the Presidium of the Parliament or the committee.
Chapter III The President
Article ۳۵ [Term]
The President shall be elected by the Parliament for a term of four years.
Article ۳۶ [Election]
The President shall be elected by secret ballot with a majority of the votes of
not less than fifty-one members of the Parliament.
Article ۳۷ [Eligibility]
Any person who enjoys full rights of citizenship and who has attained the age
of forty years may be elected President. A person with dual citizenship may not
be elected President.
Article ۳۸ [Incompatibility]
The office of the President shall not be held concurrently with any other
office. If the person elected as President is a member of the Parliament٫ they
shall resign their mandate as a member of the Parliament.
Article ۳۹ [Consecutive Years]
The same person shall not hold office as President for more than eight
consecutive years.
Article ۴۰ [Oath]
The President٫ at the first sitting of the Parliament held after the election
of the President٫ on assuming office٫ shall take the following solemn oath:
"I swear that all of my work will be dedicated to the welfare of the people of
Latvia. I will do everything in my power to promote the prosperity of the
Republic of Latvia and all who live here. I will hold sacred and will observe
the Constitution of Latvia and the laws of the State. I will act justly towards
all and will fulfil my duties conscientiously."
Article ۴۱ [Functions]
The President shall represent the State in international relations٫ appoint the
diplomatic representatives of Latvia٫ and also receive diplomatic
representatives of other states. The President shall implement the decisions of
the Parliament concerning the ratification of international agreements.
Article ۴۲ [Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces]
The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of Latvia.
During wartime٫ the President shall appoint a Supreme Commander.
Article ۴۳ [Declaration of War]
The President shall declare war on the basis of a decision of the Parliament.
Article ۴۴ [Defense]
The President has the right to take whatever steps are necessary for the
military defence of the State should another state declare war on Latvia or an
enemy invade its borders. Concurrently and without delay٫ the President shall
convene the Parliament٫ which shall decide as to the declaration and
commencement of war.
Article ۴۵ [Pardon]
The President has the right to grant clemency to criminals against whom
judgment of the court has come into legal effect. The extent of٫ and procedures
for٫ the utilisation of this right shall be set out in a specific law. Amnesty
is granted by the Parliament.
Article ۴۶ [Convokation of Parliament]
The President has the right to convene and to preside over extraordinary
meetings of the Government٫ and to determine the agenda of such meetings.
Article ۴۷ [Legislative Initiative]
The President has the right to initiate legislation.
Article ۴۸ [Dissolution of Parliament]
The President shall be entitled to propose the dissolution of the Parliament.
Following this proposal a national referendum shall be held. If in the
referendum more than half of the votes are cast in favor of dissolution٫ the
Parliament shall be considered dissolved٫ new elections called٫ and such
elections held no later than two months after the date of the dissolution of
the Parliament.
Article ۴۹ [Continuous Parliament]
If the Parliament has been dissolved٫ the mandate of the members of the
Parliament shall continue in effect until the newly-elected Parliament has
convened٫ but the dissolved Parliament may only hold sittings at the request of
the President. The agenda of such sittings shall be determined by the
President.
Article ۵۰ [Failed Dissolution٫ Resignation of President]
If in the referendum more than half of the votes are cast against the
dissolution of the Parliament٫ then the President shall be deemed to be removed
from office٫ and the Parliament shall elect a new President to serve for the
remaining term of office of the President so removed.
Article ۵۱ [Dismissal]
Upon the proposal of not less than half of all of the members of the
Parliament٫ the Parliament may decide٫ in closed session and with a majority
vote of not less than two-thirds of all of its members٫ to remove the President
from office.
Article ۵۲ [Resignation]
If the President resigns from office٫ dies or is removed from office before
their term has ended٫ the Chairperson of the Parliament shall assume the duties
of the President until the Parliament has elected a new President. Similarly٫
the Chairperson of the Parliament shall assume the duties of the President if
the latter is away from Latvia or for any other reason unable to fulfil the
duties of office.
Article ۵۳ [Responsibility]
Political responsibility for the fulfilment of presidential duties shall not be
borne by the President. All orders of the President shall be jointly signed by
the Prime Minister or by the appropriate Minister٫ who shall thereby assume
full responsibility for such orders except in the cases specified in Articles
۴۸ and ۵۶.
Article ۵۴ [Immunity]
The President may be subject to criminal liability if the Parliament consents
thereto by a majority vote of not less than two-thirds.
Chapter IV The Government
Article ۵۵ [Members]
The Government shall be composed of the Prime Minister and the Ministers chosen
by the Prime Minister.
Article ۵۶ [Formation]
The Government shall be formed by the person who has been invited by the
President to do so.
Article ۵۷ [Size]
The number of ministries and the scope of their responsibilities٫ as well as
the relations between State institutions٫ shall be as provided for by law.
Article ۵۸ [Head of Administration]
The administrative institutions of the State shall be under the authority of
the Government.
Article ۵۹ [Confidence of Parliament٫ Responsibility]
In order to fulfil their duties٫ the Prime Minister and other Ministers must
have the confidence of the Parliament and they shall be accountable to the
Parliament for their actions. If the Parliament expresses no confidence in the
Prime Minister٫ the entire Government shall resign. If there is an expression
of no confidence in an individual Minister٫ then the Minister shall resign and
another person shall be invited to replace them by the Prime Minister.
Article ۶۰ [Presidency Over Meetings]
Meetings of the Government shall be chaired by the Prime Minister٫ and in the
absence of the Prime Minister٫ by a Minister authorised to do so by the Prime
Minister.
Article ۶۱ [Discussion]
The Government shall deliberate draft laws prepared by individual ministries as
well as matters which pertain to the activities of more than one ministry٫ and
issues of State policy raised by individual members of Government.
Article ۶۲ [Foreign Invasion]
If the State is threatened by an external enemy٫ or if an internal insurrection
which endangers the existing political system arises or threatens to arise in
the State or in any part of the State٫ the Government has the right to proclaim
a state of emergency and shall inform the Presidium within twenty-four hours
and the Presidium shall٫ without delay٫ present such decision of the Government
to the Parliament.
Article ۶۳ [Initiative of Ministers]
Ministers٫ even if they are not members of the Parliament٫ and responsible
government officials authorised by a Minister٫ have the right to attend
sittings of the Parliament and its committees and to submit additions and
amendments to draft laws.
Chapter V Legislation
Article ۶۴ [Right to Legislation]
The Parliament٫ and also the people٫ have the right to legislate٫ in accordance
with the procedures٫ and to the extent٫ provided for by this Constitution.
Article ۶۵ [Initiative]
Draft laws may be submitted to the Parliament by the President٫ the Government
or committees of the Parliament٫ by not less than five members of the
Parliament٫ or٫ in accordance with the procedures and in the cases provided for
in this Constitution٫ by one-tenth of the electorate.
Article ۶۶ [Budget]
(۱) Annually٫ before the commencement of each financial year٫ the Parliament
shall determine the State Revenues and Expenditures Budget٫ the draft of which
shall be submitted to the Parliament by the Government.
(۲)If the Parliament makes a decision that involves expenditures not included
in the Budget٫ then this decision must also allocate funds to cover such
expenditures.
After the end of the budgetary year٫ the Government shall submit an accounting
of budgetary expenditures for the approval of the Parliament.
Article ۶۷ [Armed Forces]
The Parliament shall determine the size of the armed forces of the State during
peacetime.
Article ۶۸ [Ratification of International Agreements; European unionnn]
(۱) All international agreements٫ which settle matters that may be decided by
the legislative process٫ shall require ratification by the Parliament.
(۳) Membership of Latvia in the European unionnn shall be decided by a
national referendum٫ which is proposed by the Parliament.
(۴) Substantial changes in the terms regarding the membership of Latvia in the
European unionnn shall be decided by a national referendum if such referendum
is requested by at least one-half of the members of the Parliament.
Article ۶۹ [Promulgation]
The President shall proclaim laws passed by the Parliament not earlier than the
seventh day and not later than the twenty-first day after the law has been
adopted. A law shall come into force fourteen days after its proclamation
unless a different term has been specified in the law.
Article ۷۰ [Formula of Promulgation]
The President shall proclaim adopted laws in the following manner:
"The Parliament (that is٫ the People) has adopted and the President has
proclaimed the following law: (text of the law)."
Article ۷۱ [Request for Revision]
Within seven days of the adoption of a law by the Parliament٫ the President٫ by
means of a written and reasoned request to the Chairperson of the Parliament٫
may require that a law be reconsidered. If the Parliament does not amend the
law٫ the President then may not raise objectttions a second time.
Article ۷۲ [Withholding Promulgation]
The President has the right to suspend the proclamation of a law for a period
of two months. The President shall suspend the proclamation of a law if so
requested by not less than one-third of the members of the Parliament. This
right may be exercised by the President٫ or by one-third of the members of the
Parliament٫ within seven days of the adoption of the law by the Parliament. The
law thus suspended shall be put to a national referendum if so requested by not
less than one-tenth of the electorate. If no such request is received during
the aforementioned two month period٫ the law shall then be proclaimed after the
expiration of such period. A national referendum shall not take place٫ however٫
if the Parliament again votes on the law and not less than three-quarters of
all members of the Parliament vote for the adoption of the law.
Article ۷۳ [Matters Excluded from Referendum]
The Budget and laws concerning loans٫ taxes٫ customs duties٫ railroad tariffs٫
military conscriptttion٫ declaration and commencement of war٫ peace treaties٫
declaration of a state of emergency and its termination٫ mobilisation and
demobilisation٫ as well as agreements with other nations may not be submitted
to national referendum.
Article ۷۴ [Annullment by Referendum]
A law adopted by the Parliament and suspended pursuant to the procedures
specified in Article ۷۲ shall be repealed by national referendum if the number
of voters is at least half of the number of electors as participated in the
previous Parliament election and if the majority has voted for repeal of the
law.
Article ۷۵ [Urgency]
Should the Parliament٫ by not less than a two thirds majority vote٫ determine a
law to be urgent٫ the President may not request reconsideration of such law٫ it
may not be submitted to national referendum٫ and the adopted law shall be
proclaimed no later than the third day after the President has received it.
Article ۷۶ [Amendment of the Constitution]
The Parliament may amend the Constitution in sittings at which at least
two-thirds of the members of the Parliament participate. The amendments shall
be passed in three readings by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the
members present.
Article ۷۷ [Referendum About Amendment]
If the Parliament has amended Articles ۱٫ ۲٫ ۳٫ ۴٫ ۶٫ or ۷۷ of the
Constitution٫ such amendments٫ in order to come into force as law٫ shall be
submitted to a national referendum.
Article ۷۸ [Amendment by Popular Initiative]
Electors٫ in number comprising not less than one tenth of the electorate٫ have
the right to submit a fully-elaborated draft of an amendment to the
Constitution or of a law to the President٫ who shall present it to the
Parliament. If the Parliament does not adopt it without change as to its
content٫ it shall then be submitted to national referendum.
Article ۷۹ [Referendum After Popular Initiative; Membership in EU]
An amendment to the Constitution submitted for national referendum shall be
deemed adopted if at least half of the electorate has voted in favour. A draft
law٫ decision regarding membership of Latvia in the European unionnn or
substantial changes in the terms regarding such membership submitted for
national referendum shall be deemed adopted if the number of voters is at least
half of the number of electors as participated in the previous Parliament
election and if the majority has voted in favour of the draft law٫ membership
of Latvia in the European unionnn or substantial changes in the terms
regarding such membership.
Article ۸۰ [Right to Vote in Referendum]
All citizens of Latvia who have the right to vote in elections of the
Parliament may participate in national referendums.
Article ۸۱ [Regulations by Government]
During the time between sessions of the Parliament the Government has the
right٫ if necessary and if not able to be postponed٫ to issue regulations which
have the force of law. Such regulations may not amend the law regarding
elections of the Parliament٫ laws governing the court system and court
proceedings٫ the Budget and rights pertaining to the Budget٫ as well as laws
adopted during the term of the current Parliament٫ and they may not pertain to
amnesty٫ state taxes٫ customs duties٫ and loans and they shall cease to be in
force unless submitted to the Parliament not later than three days after the
next session of the Parliament has been convened.
Chapter VI Courts
Article ۸۲ [Court System]
In Latvia court cases shall be heard by district (city) courts٫ regional courts
and the Supreme Court٫ but in the event of war or a state of emergency٫ also by
military courts.
Article ۸۳ [Independence of Judges]
Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law.
Article ۸۴ [Appointment of Judges]
Judicial appointments shall be confirmed by the Parliament and they shall be
irrevocable. The Parliament may remove judges from office against their will
only in the cases provided for by law٫ based upon a decision of the Judicial
Disciplinary Board or a judgment of the Court in a criminal case. The age of
retirement from office for judges may be determined by law.
Article ۸۵ [Trial Jury]
In Latvia٫ there shall be a Constitutional Court٫ which٫ within its
jurisdiction as provided for by law٫ shall review cases concerning the
compliance of laws with the Constitution٫ as well as other matters regarding
which jurisdiction is conferred upon it by law. The Constitutional Court shall
have the right to declare laws or other enactments or parts thereof invalid.
The appointment of judges to the Constitutional Court shall be confirmed by the
Parliament for the term provided for by law٫ by secret ballot with a majority
of the votes of not less than fifty-one members of the Parliament.
Article ۸۶ [Rule of Law]
Decisions in court proceedings may be made only by bodies upon whom
jurisdiction regarding such has been conferred by law٫ and only in accordance
with procedures provided for by law. Military courts shall act on the basis of
a specific law.
Chapter VII The Office of the Comptroller General
Article ۸۷ [Independence]
The Office of the Comptroller General shall be an independent collegial
institution.
Article ۸۸ [Appointment]
Comptrollers General shall be appointed to their office and confirmed pursuant
to the same procedures as judges٫ but only for a fixed period of time٫ during
which they may be removed from office only by a judgment of the Court. The
organisation and responsibilities of the Office of the Comptroller General
shall be provided for by a specific law.
Chapter VIII Fundamental Human Rights
Article ۸۹ [Recognition and Protection by the State]
The State shall recognise and protect fundamental human rights in accordance
with this Constitution٫ laws and international agreements binding upon Latvia.
Article ۹۰ [Right to Know About Rights]
Everyone has the right to know about their rights.
Article ۹۱ [Equality٫ Prohibition of Discrimination]
All human beings in Latvia shall be equal before the law and the courts. Human
rights shall be realised without discrimination of any kind.
Article ۹۲ [Right to Fair Legal Proceedings]
Everyone has the right to defend their rights and lawful interests in a fair
court. Everyone shall be presumed innocent until their guilt has been
established in accordance with law. Everyone٫ where their rights are violated
without basis٫ has a right to commensurate compensation. Everyone has a right
to the assistance of counsel.
Article ۹۳ [Right to Life]
The right to life of everyone shall be protected by law.
Article ۹۴ [Liberty٫ Personal Security]
Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one may be
deprived of or have their liberty restricted٫ otherwise than in accordance with
law.
Article ۹۵ [Human Dignity]
The State shall protect human honor and dignity. Torture or other cruel or
degrading treatment of human beings is prohibited. No one shall be subjected to
inhuman or degrading punishment.
Article ۹۶ [Privacy٫ Home٫ Correspondence]
Everyone has the right to inviolability of their private life٫ home and
correspondence.
Article ۹۷ [Right to Move٫ Freedom of Residence]
Everyone residing lawfully in the territory of Latvia has the right to freely
move and to choose their place of residence.
Article ۹۸ [Departure٫ Extradition]
Everyone has the right to freely depart from Latvia. Everyone havinggg a
Latvian passport shall be protected by the State when abroad and has the right
to freely return to Latvia. A citizen of Latvia may not be extradited to a
foreign country.
Article ۹۹ [Thought٫ Conscience٫ Religion]
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought٫ conscience and religion. The
church shall be separate from the State.
Article ۱۰۰ [Expression٫ Information٫ Censorship]
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression which includes the right to
freely receive٫ keep and distribute information and to express their views.
Censorship is prohibited.
Article ۱۰۱ [Political Activity]
Every citizen of Latvia has the right٫ as provided for by law٫ to participate
in the activities of the State and of local government٫ and to hold a position
in the civil service. Local governments shall be elected by Latvian citizens
who enjoy full rights of citizenship. The working language of local governments
is the Latvian language.
Article ۱۰۲ [Associations٫ Parties]
Everyone has the right to form and join associations٫ political parties and
other public organisations.
Article ۱۰۳ [Meetings٫ Processions٫ Demonstrations]
The State shall protect the freedom of previously announced peaceful meetings٫
street processions٫ and pickets.
Article ۱۰۴ [Petitions]
Everyone has the right to address submissions to State or local government
institutions and to receive a materially responsive reply. Everyone has the
right to receive a reply in the Latvian language.
Article ۱۰۵ [Private Property]
Everyone has the right to own property. Property shall not be used contrary to
the interests of the public. Property rights may be restricted only in
accordance with law. Expropriation of property for public purposes shall be
allowed only in exceptional cases on the basis of a specific law and in return
for fair compensation.
Article ۱۰۶ [Work٫ Forced Labor]
Everyone has the right to freely choose their employment and workplace
according to their abilities and qualifications. Forced labor is prohibited.
Participation in the relief of disasters and their effects٫ and work pursuant
to a court order shall not be deemed forced labor.
Article ۱۰۷ [Remuneration٫ Holidays٫ Vacation]
Every employed person has the right to receive٫ for work done٫ commensurate
remuneration which shall not be less than the minimum wage established by the
State٫ and has the right to weekly holidays and a paid annual vacation.
Article ۱۰۸ [Collective Labor Agreement٫ Strike٫ Trade unionnns]
Employed persons have the right to a collective labor agreement٫ and the right
to strike. The State shall protect the freedom of trade unionnns.
Article ۱۰۹ [Social Security٫ Disability٫ Unemployment]
Everyone has the right to social security in old age٫ for work disability٫ for
unemployment and in other cases as provided by law.
Article ۱۱۰ [Marriage٫ Family٫ Parents٫ Children]
The State shall protect and support marriage٫ the family٫ the rights of parents
and rights of the child. The State shall provide special support to disabled
children٫ children left without parental care or who have suffered from
violence.
Article ۱۱۱ [Health]
The State shall protect human health and guarantee a basic level of medical
assistance for everyone.
Article ۱۱۲ [Education]
Everyone has the right to education. The State shall ensure that everyone may
acquire primary and secondary education without charrrge. Primary education
shall be compulsory.
Article ۱۱۳ [Research٫ Art٫ Copyright٫ Patents]
The State shall recognise the freedom of scientific research٫ artistic and
other creative activity٫ and shall protect copyright and patent rights.
Article ۱۱۴ [Minorities]
Persons belonging to ethnic minorities have the right to preserve and develop
their language and their ethnic and cultural identity.
Article ۱۱۵ [Environment]
The State shall protect the right of everyone to live in a benevolent
environment by providing information about environmental conditions and by
promoting the preservation and improvement of the environment.
Article ۱۱۶ [Restrictions]
The rights of persons set out in Articles ۹۶٫ ۹۷٫ ۹۸٫ ۱۰۰٫ ۱۰۲٫ ۱۰۳٫ ۱۰۶٫ and
۱۰۸ of the Constitution may be subject to restrictions in circumstances
provided for by law in order to protect the rights of other people٫ the
democratic structure of the State٫ and public safety٫ welfare and morals. On
the basis of the conditions set forth in this Article٫ restrictions may also be
imposed on the expression of religious beliefs.